Guide to Going Concern Assessments

While particularly important in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the evaluation of going concern is not new. Under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, entities have been required to consider going concern since 2014 and auditors have been required under their professional standards to evaluate their client’s ability to continue as a going concern for much longer than that.

In making this evaluation, significant judgment will be required as no two entities’ fact patterns, even if operating in the same industry, will be the same. At the end of the day, it will come back to one central question - will the company have sufficient cash flows to meet its existing obligations and alleviate any conditions that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern?

Financial Reporting Framework

In accordance with ASC 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements — Going Concern, in preparing financial statements for each annual and interim reporting period, management must evaluate whether there are conditions and events that raise substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the financial statements are issued or available to be issued (when applicable), collectively referred to as “the assessment period” throughout this document.

ASC 205-40 states that substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern may exist when current conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, raise substantial doubt about whether the entity will be unable to meet its obligations as they become due within the assessment period. If management’s plans to address those conditions and events do not alleviate the adverse concerns, then substantial doubt does exist.

The following diagram illustrates how the two-step assessment is performed:

Step 1: Determine whether conditions and events raise substantial doubt

Management’s evaluation of an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern typically is based on conditions and events that are relevant to an entity’s ability to meet its obligations as they become due during the assessment period.

Management’s evaluation is based only on relevant conditions and events that are known and reasonably knowable at the date that the financial statements are issued, and should be approved by those with proper authority. The term “reasonably knowable” is intended to emphasize that an entity may not readily know all conditions and events, but management should make a reasonable effort to identify conditions and events that can be identified without undue cost and effort.

When evaluating an entity’s ability to meet its obligations, management should consider information about the following:

• The entity’s current financial condition, including its liquidity sources (e.g., available liquid funds, available access to credit) at the date the financial statements are issued
• The entity’s conditional and unconditional obligations due or anticipated within the assessment period, regardless of whether they are recognized in the entity’s financial statements
• The funds necessary to maintain the entity’s operations considering its current financial condition, obligations and other expected cash flows within the assessment period
• Other conditions and events, when considered in conjunction with the items listed above, that may adversely affect the entity’s ability to meet its obligations within the assessment period

Examples of adverse conditions and events that may raise substantial doubt about an entity's ability to continue as a going concern include but are not limited to:

• Negative financial trends such as recurring operating losses, working capital deficiencies, negative cash flows from operating activities and adverse key financial ratios
• Other indications of possible financial difficulties such as defaults on loans or similar agreements, arrearages in dividends, denials of usual trade credit from suppliers, a need to restructure debt to avoid default, noncompliance with statutory capital requirements and a need to seek new sources or methods of financing or to dispose of substantial assets
• Forecasted debt covenant violations during the assessment period even if no violation has yet occurred
• Internal matters such as work stoppages or other labor difficulties, substantial dependence on the success of a project, uneconomic long-term commitments and a need to significantly revise operations
• External matters such as legal proceedings, legislation or similar matters that might jeopardize the entity’s ability to operate; supply chain disruptions; loss of a key franchise, license or patent; no or reduced purchases by a principal customer, none or reduced quantities available for purchase from a supplier; and an uninsured or underinsured catastrophe such as a hurricane, tornado, earthquake or flood

Management must also consider the likelihood, magnitude and timing of the potential effects of any adverse conditions and events. This evaluation is required each reporting period.

Management’s evaluation of whether substantial doubt is raised (step 1) does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented as of the date that the financial statements are issued (step 2).

Step 2: Consider management’s plans if substantial doubt is raised

If conditions or events indicate that substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern is raised, management is required to evaluate whether its plans that are intended to mitigate those conditions and events will alleviate that substantial doubt.

ASC 205-40 specifies that management may consider its plans only when both of the following criteria are met:

• It is probable that those plans will be effectively implemented
• It is probable that the plans will mitigate the relevant conditions and events that raise substantial doubt within the assessment period

Management’s plans that do not meet these criteria cannot be considered in the evaluation of whether substantial doubt is alleviated. These criteria prevent management from placing undue reliance on the potential mitigating effect of plans that are not probable of being implemented or succeeding. In other words, if events and conditions make it probable that the entity will be unable to meet its obligations as they become due, plans to mitigate those conditions must be likely to succeed (i.e., management’s plans must be probable of both being implemented and mitigating the events and conditions within the assessment period).

The evaluation of the first criterion is based on the feasibility of implementation of management’s plans considering an entity’s facts and circumstances and whether they make sense in light of other publicly available information (e.g. a manufacturing company’s cash savings plan includes mothballing a plant, but management has recently disclosed to investors that the plant is key to achieving expected revenue growth and that growth is still reflected in management’s revenue plan).

The evaluation of the second criterion should consider the expected magnitude and timing of the mitigating effect. For example, if management concludes that substantial doubt is alleviated by its plan to restructure debt, management’s evaluation of the restructuring must consider whether:

• The revised debt agreement would be executed within the assessment period and in time to avoid cash shortages
• The terms of the revised debt agreement (e.g., debt payment schedule, interest rate) alleviate the relevant conditions and events (e.g., inability to make timely debt payments under the existing debt agreement)

That is, management must be able to conclude that it is probable that the debt will be restructured and that the entity will be able to make the payments under the new debt agreement and all other obligations that are due within the assessment period.

ASC 205-40 states that a plan to meet an entity’s obligations as they become due through liquidation is not considered part of management’s plans to alleviate substantial doubt, even if liquidation is probable.

The following are examples of plans that management may implement to mitigate conditions or events that raise substantial doubt, including the types of information management should consider in evaluating the feasibility of the plans:

• Plans to dispose of an asset or business
  • Restrictions on disposal of an asset or business, such as covenants that limit those transactions in loan or similar agreements, or encumbrances against the asset or business
  • Marketability of the asset or business that management plans to sell
  • Possible direct or indirect effects of disposal of the asset or business
  • Availability and terms of new debt financing, or availability and terms of existing debt refinancing, such as term debt, lines of credit or arrangements for factoring receivables or sale-leaseback of assets
  • Existing or committed arrangements to restructure or subordinate debt or to guarantee loans to the entity
  • Possible effects on management’s borrowing plans of existing restrictions on additional borrowing or the sufficiency of available collateral
  • Feasibility of plans to reduce overhead or administrative expenditures, to postpone maintenance or research and development projects, or to lease rather than purchase assets
  • Possible direct or indirect effects on the entity and its cash flows of reduced or delayed expenditures
  • Feasibility of plans to increase ownership equity, including existing or committed arrangements to raise additional capital
  • Existing or committed arrangements to reduce current dividend requirements or to accelerate cash infusions from affiliates or other investors

  Historically management may have a track record of successfully planning and executing on similar plans, such as a refinancing, restructuring or asset disposal, which in a normal operating environment would support the feasibility of the plan. However, in evolving adverse economic environments or other new adverse conditions, history may not be sufficient to support the feasibility of the plan. For example, plans that are dependent on the performance of parties outside of management’s control, such as lenders and investors and potential buyers of assets, may require new levels of negotiations and result in lower cash proceeds than previously attained. Consequently, alleviating substantial doubt may prove challenging. The preparation of multiple sensitivity analyses based on a variety of assumptions may be required to appropriately assess the probability of results in multiple market conditions. Management should also ensure that these assumptions are consistent with other areas of financial reporting, such as those used for estimates and impairments.

  Disclosure requirements

  The disclosures required by ASC 205-40 may overlap with those required by other areas within US GAAP. The FASB acknowledged this possibility but concluded that providing guidance in US GAAP about management’s responsibility to evaluate and disclose conditions and events that raise substantial doubt would improve financial reporting for all entities. As a general rule, regardless of whether substantial doubt is alleviated or not, the disclosure should be very robust in order to help the reader understand management’s plans and the key components thereof, along with a general statement that there can be no assurance that management’s plans will be achieved.

  Substantial doubt is raised and is not alleviated by management’s plans (substantial doubt exists)

  If substantial doubt is raised and is not alleviated by management’s plans, an entity is required to include a statement in the notes to financial statements indicating that there is substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. The entity also is required to disclose information that enables users of the financial statements to understand all the following:

  • Principal conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern
  • Management’s evaluation of the significance of those conditions or events in relation to the entity’s ability to meet its obligations
  • Management’s plans that are intended to mitigate the conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern

  Substantial doubt was raised but was alleviated by management’s plans (substantial doubt was alleviated)

  If, after management’s plans are considered, substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern is alleviated, an entity is required to disclose information that enables users of the financial statements to understand all the following:

  • Principal conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern (before consideration of management’s plans)
  • Management’s evaluation of the significance of those conditions or events in relation to the entity’s ability to meet its obligations
  • Management’s plans that alleviated substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern

  Ongoing disclosure requirements

  An entity must include disclosures related to uncertainty about its ability to continue as a going concern in the notes to the financial statements in annual and interim periods until the conditions or events giving rise to the uncertainty are resolved. As the conditions or events giving rise to the uncertainty and management’s plans to alleviate them change over time, the disclosures should change to provide users with the most current information, including information about how the uncertainty is resolved.

  Internal control over financial reporting

  Management needs to evaluate whether it has adequate processes and internal controls in place to comply with the going concern evaluation requirements. In changing economic environments, management may need to change its current processes and controls or implement new processes and controls to account for the impacts new economic adversities can raise. For example, it may be necessary for management to maintain multiple 12-month rolling cash flow projections reflecting a number of different scenarios.

  In addition, management will need to evaluate whether it can appropriately identify both industry-wide and company-specific conditions (e.g., critical supply shortages, ability to capture critical data remotely, cybersecurity for remote workforce, reduction in demand from significant customers, etc.) and events that raise substantial doubt. The going concern standard requires management to make a reasonable effort to identify these conditions and events. Management will need to determine whether it can do this assessment using its current processes and controls or whether it needs to modify its processes and controls or implement new ones. All significant elements of management’s evaluation of the going concern assessment, including the reviews and approval thereof, should also be subject to the entity’s control environment.

  Management’s processes and controls should also address the risk that the going concern assessment could be based on incomplete or inaccurate information about conditions and events that could raise substantial doubt. Particularly in adverse economic environments, the going concern evaluation could be a significant undertaking for management. If conditions are changing rapidly, management’s evaluation may need to be updated frequently up through the date of issuance of the related financial statements.